Η οστεονέκρωση γόνατος είναι μία σοβαρή πάθηση, που μπορεί να προκαλέσει προοδευτική φθορά της άρθρωσης και σημαντική μείωση της κινητικότητας. Πρόκειται για μία κατάσταση κατά την οποία διαταράσσεται η αιμάτωση ενός τμήματος του οστού, οδηγώντας τελικά σε νέκρωση του οστικού ιστού. Αν και μπορεί να εμφανιστεί σε οποιοδήποτε οστό του σώματος, το γόνατο είναι από τις περιοχές που επηρεάζονται συχνότερα, κυρίως στο έσω μηριαίο κόνδυλο.
Η φυσικοθεραπεία, τόσο στην αρχική φάση όσο και κατά τη διάρκεια ή μετά από ενδεχόμενη χειρουργική παρέμβαση, είναι σημαντική για τη βελτίωση της λειτουργικότητας, στον έλεγχο του πόνου και στην καθυστέρηση της επιδείνωσης της πάθησης.
Τι είναι η οστεονέκρωση γόνατος;
Η οστεονέκρωση του γόνατος προκαλείται όταν η αιματική ροή σε κάποιο τμήμα του οστού μειώνεται ή διακόπτεται πλήρως, με αποτέλεσμα η συγκεκριμένη περιοχή να μην μπορεί να αναγεννηθεί φυσιολογικά. Αυτό οδηγεί σταδιακά σε αποδυνάμωση του υποχόνδριου οστού, κατάρρευση της άρθρωσης και δευτερογενή οστεοαρθρίτιδα, εάν δεν αντιμετωπιστεί έγκαιρα.
Η νόσος μπορεί να είναι είτε ιδιοπαθής (χωρίς εμφανή αιτία), είτε να σχετίζεται με συγκεκριμένους παράγοντες κινδύνου. Συνήθως εμφανίζεται στο ένα από τα δύο γόνατα, αλλά υπάρχουν και περιπτώσεις όπου επηρεάζονται και τα δύο.
Τι προκαλεί την οστεονέκρωση γόνατος;
Η αιτία της οστεονέκρωσης γόνατος δεν είναι πάντοτε σαφής. Στην ιδιοπαθή μορφή, συχνά αφορά γυναίκες άνω των 55 ετών, χωρίς ιστορικό τραυματισμού. Ωστόσο, υπάρχουν και δευτεροπαθείς μορφές που σχετίζονται με συγκεκριμένες παθολογικές ή εξωγενείς αιτίες, όπως:
- Κατάχρηση κορτικοστεροειδών ή μακροχρόνια φαρμακευτική αγωγή με στεροειδή.
- Κατάχρηση αλκοόλ, η οποία επηρεάζει την αγγείωση του οστού.
- Δρεπανοκυτταρική αναιμία ή άλλες αιματολογικές διαταραχές.
- Τραυματισμός ή κάκωση στην άρθρωση του γόνατος (π.χ. κάταγμα, ρήξη μηνίσκου).
- Εν τω βάθει φλεβική θρόμβωση ή άλλες αγγειακές διαταραχές που εμποδίζουν την ομαλή αιμάτωση.
- Μεταμοσχεύσεις ή καταστάσεις με αυξημένη ενδοοστική πίεση.
- Aκτινοθεραπεία
- Aυτοάνοσα νοσήματα όπως η ρευματοειδής αρθρίτιδα.
Η σταδιακή διακοπή της αιμάτωσης δημιουργεί ένα “σιωπηλό” περιβάλλον καταστροφής, το οποίο εξελίσσεται σταδιακά και μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε σοβαρές λειτουργικές επιπτώσεις, αν δεν αναγνωριστεί και δεν αντιμετωπιστεί εγκαίρως.
Τα συμπτώματα της οστεονέκρωσης γόνατος
Η οστεονέκρωση γόνατος συνήθως εκδηλώνεται με προοδευτικό πόνο στο γόνατο, που επιτείνεται με τη βάδιση ή την άσκηση και μειώνεται με την ανάπαυση. Αρχικά ο πόνος εντοπίζεται στο έσω ή έξω διαμέρισμα του γόνατος, ανάλογα με το σημείο της βλάβης.
Καθώς εξελίσσεται, μπορεί να εμφανιστούν:
- Πόνος κατά τη διάρκεια της νύχτας ή ακόμη και σε ηρεμία.
- Δυσκαμψία ή “πιάσιμο” του γόνατος κατά τις πρώτες κινήσεις.
- Ελάττωση της τροχιάς κίνησης και περιορισμός στη λειτουργικότητα.
- Οίδημα ή ευαισθησία κατά την πίεση.
- Ασυμμετρία κατά τη βάδιση και δυσκολία στην πλήρη φόρτιση του ποδιού.
Στα προχωρημένα στάδια, η νέκρωση οδηγεί σε κατάρρευση της επιφάνειας της άρθρωσης, με αποτέλεσμα να αναπτυχθεί δευτερογενής οστεοαρθρίτιδα, η οποία επιδεινώνει περαιτέρω τη λειτουργία της άρθρωσης.

Διάγνωση της πάθησης
Η έγκαιρη διάγνωση της οστεονέκρωσης γόνατος είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική, καθώς τα πρώτα στάδια μπορούν να αντιμετωπιστούν συντηρητικά. Η διάγνωση βασίζεται σε συνδυασμό κλινικής αξιολόγησης, με εντοπισμό πόνου, περιορισμένης κίνησης και ιστορικού πιθανών παραγόντων κινδύνου, και απεικονιστικών εξετάσεων, όπως ακτινογραφία, μαγνητική τομογραφία και σπινθηρογράφημα.
Τρόποι αντιμετώπισης της οστεονέκρωσης γόνατος
Η θεραπεία εξαρτάται από το στάδιο της νόσου, την ηλικία του ασθενούς, το επίπεδο δραστηριότητάς του και την έκταση της βλάβης.
Στα πρώιμα στάδια, η προσέγγιση είναι συντηρητική και περιλαμβάνει:
- Αποφόρτιση της άρθρωσης (για παράδειγμα με χρήση βακτηριών και περιορισμό δραστηριοτήτων).
- Φαρμακευτική αγωγή για τη μείωση του πόνου.
- Φυσικοθεραπεία για ενδυνάμωση των υποστηρικτικών μυών και διατήρηση του εύρους κίνησης.
Σε προχωρημένα στάδια, όπου παρατηρείται κατάρρευση της αρθρικής επιφάνειας, ενδέχεται να απαιτείται χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση, όπως αρθροσκοπική αποσυμπίεση, οστεοτομία ή ακόμη και ολική αρθροπλαστική του γόνατος.
Ο ρόλος της φυσικοθεραπείας στην οστεονέκρωση γόνατος
Η φυσικοθεραπεία αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι τόσο της συντηρητικής όσο και της μετεγχειρητικής διαχείρισης της οστεονέκρωσης γόνατος. Ο ρόλος της εστιάζει στην ανακούφιση του πόνου, στη διατήρηση ή αποκατάσταση της κινητικότητας και στην αποφυγή περαιτέρω επιβάρυνσης της άρθρωσης.
Κατά την πρώιμη φάση, στόχοι της θεραπείας είναι:
- Η μείωση της φλεγμονής.
- Η διατήρηση της κινητικότητας μέσω ήπιων ασκήσεων διάτασης και τροχιάς κίνησης.
- Η ενδυνάμωση των μυών του τετρακεφάλου, των οπισθίων μηριαίων και των γλουτιαίων, χωρίς φόρτιση της άρθρωσης.
Σε περιπτώσεις που απαιτείται χειρουργική παρέμβαση, η φυσικοθεραπεία μετά την επέμβαση εστιάζει:
- Στην αποκατάσταση του πλήρους εύρους κίνησης.
- Στην προοδευτική φόρτιση του γόνατος.
- Στην αποκατάσταση της λειτουργικότητας με σκοπό την επάνοδο στις καθημερινές δραστηριότητες.
Ο φυσικοθεραπευτής σχεδιάζει εξατομικευμένο πρόγραμμα ανάλογα με το στάδιο της πάθησης, τις ιατρικές οδηγίες και τους λειτουργικούς στόχους του ασθενούς, το οποίο μπορεί να περιλαμβάνει:
- Φυσικά μέσα (παγοθεραπεία, θερμοθεραπεία, ηλεκτροθεραπεία, laser, υπέρηχο, στοχευμένες ραδιοσυχνότητες, biofeedback, μαγνητικό διεγέρτη, κρουστικό υπέρηχο)
- Κινησιοθεραπεία (διατάσεις, ασκήσεις ενδυνάμωσης, ασκήσεις με έμφαση στην ιδιοδεκτικότητα και στην κιναισθησία)
- Περίδεση (Kinesio taping)
- Βελονισμός (dry needling)
- Εκπαίδευση του ασθενή και ενημέρωση για την παθολογία του καθώς και για τις δραστηριότητες που μπορούν να ανακουφίσουν τα συμπτώματα ή να τον επιβαρύνουν περισσότερο
- Θεραπευτική άσκηση (λειτουργική επανεκπαίδευση, ασκήσεις νευρομυϊκού συντονισμού).
- Συμβουλές για την ανακούφιση των συμπτωμάτων και την πρόληψη ενδεχόμενης επιδείνωσης.
Η οστεονέκρωση γόνατος είναι μια πάθηση που απαιτεί άμεση αναγνώριση και συντονισμένη θεραπευτική προσέγγιση. Η έγκαιρη διάγνωση και η κατάλληλη διαχείριση μπορούν να αποτρέψουν την εξέλιξη της βλάβης και να μειώσουν σημαντικά την ανάγκη για χειρουργική επέμβαση.
Η φυσικοθεραπεία αποτελεί βασικό εργαλείο σε κάθε στάδιο της νόσου. Μέσω της ελεγχόμενης κίνησης, της ενδυνάμωσης και της λειτουργικής αποκατάστασης, συμβάλλει ουσιαστικά στη μείωση του πόνου, στη βελτίωση της ποιότητας ζωής και στην επαναφορά της κινητικότητας.
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